List of Tables
    Table 1. Global Freight Bicycle Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027 (US$ Million)
    Table 2. Major Manufacturers of Electric Freight Bicycle
    Table 3. Major Manufacturers of Regular Freight Bicycle
    Table 4. Global Freight Bicycle Market Size Growth Rate by Application (2021-2027) & (K Units)
    Table 5. Global Freight Bicycle Market Size by Region (K Units) & (US$ Million), 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
    Table 6. Global Freight Bicycle Sales by Regions (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Table 7. Global Freight Bicycle Sales Market Share by Regions (2016-2021)
    Table 8. Global Freight Bicycle Revenue by Regions (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
    Table 9. Global Freight Bicycle Sales Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (K Units)
    Table 10. Global Freight Bicycle Sales Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
    Table 11. Global Freight Bicycle Revenue Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Table 12. Global Freight Bicycle Revenue Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
    Table 13. Global Freight Bicycle Sales by Manufacturers (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Table 14. Global Freight Bicycle Sales Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
    Table 15. Ranking of Global Top Freight Bicycle Manufacturers by Revenue (US$ Million) in 2020
    Table 16. Freight Bicycle Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Table 17. Freight Bicycle Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
    Table 18. Global Freight Bicycle Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI) & (2016-2021)
    Table 19. Global Freight Bicycle by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) (based on the Revenue in Freight Bicycle as of 2020)
    Table 20. Key Manufacturers Freight Bicycle Price (2016-2021) (US$/Unit)
    Table 21. Freight Bicycle Manufacturers Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
    Table 22. Manufacturers Freight Bicycle Product Type
    Table 23. Date of International Manufacturers Enter into Freight Bicycle Market
    Table 24. Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
    Table 25. Global Freight Bicycle Sales by Type (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Table 26. Global Freight Bicycle Sales Share by Type (2016-2021)
    Table 27. Global Freight Bicycle Revenue by Type (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Table 28. Global Freight Bicycle Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021)
    Table 29. Freight Bicycle Average Selling Price (ASP) by Type (2016-2021) & (US$/Unit)
    Table 30. Global Freight Bicycle Sales Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (K Units)
    Table 31. Global Freight Bicycle Sales Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
    Table 32. Global Freight Bicycle Revenue Forecast V (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Table 33. Global Freight Bicycle Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
    Table 34. Global Freight Bicycle Average Selling Price (ASP) Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (US$/Unit)
    Table 35. Global Freight Bicycle Sales by Application (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Table 36. Global Freight Bicycle Sales Share by Application (2016-2021)
    Table 37. Global Freight Bicycle Revenue by Application (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Table 38. Global Freight Bicycle Revenue Share by Application (2016-2021)
    Table 39. Freight Bicycle Average Selling Price (ASP) by Application (2016-2021) & (US$/Unit)
    Table 40. Global Freight Bicycle Sales Forecast by Application (2022-2027) & (K Units)
    Table 41. Global Freight Bicycle Sales Market Share Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
    Table 42. Global Freight Bicycle Revenue Forecast by Application (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
    Table 43. Global Freight Bicycle Revenue Market Share Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
    Table 44. Global Freight Bicycle Average Selling Price (ASP) Forecast by Application (2022-2027) & (US$/Unit)
    Table 45. Japan Freight Bicycle Sales (K Units) of Key Companies (2016-2021)
    Table 46. Japan Freight Bicycle Sales Share by Company (2016-2021)
    Table 47. Japan Freight Bicycle Revenue (US$ Million) by Company (2016-2021)
    Table 48. Japan Freight Bicycle Revenue Share by Company (2016-2021)
    Table 49. Japan Freight Bicycle Sales (K Units) by Type (2016-2021)
    Table 50. Japan Freight Bicycle Sales Share by Type (2016-2021)
    Table 51. Japan Freight Bicycle Revenue (US$ Million) Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
    Table 52. Japan Freight Bicycle Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2016-2021)
    Table 53. Japan Freight Bicycle Sales (K Units) by Type (2022-2027)
    Table 54. Japan Freight Bicycle Sales Share by Type (2022-2027)
    Table 55. Japan Freight Bicycle Revenue (US$ Million) Market Share by Type (2022-2027)
    Table 56. Japan Freight Bicycle Revenue Share by Type (2022-2027)
    Table 57. Japan Freight Bicycle Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2022-2027)
    Table 58. Japan Freight Bicycle Sales (K Units) by Application (2016-2021)
    Table 59. Japan Freight Bicycle Sales Share by Application (2016-2021)
    Table 60. Japan Freight Bicycle Revenue (US$ Million) Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
    Table 61. Japan Freight Bicycle Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2016-2021)
    Table 62. Japan Freight Bicycle Sales (K Units) by Application (2022-2027)
    Table 63. Japan Freight Bicycle Sales Share by Application (2022-2027)
    Table 64. Japan Freight Bicycle Revenue (US$ Million) Market Share by Application (2022-2027)
    Table 65. Japan Freight Bicycle Revenue Share by Application (2022-2027)
    Table 66. Japan Freight Bicycle Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2022-2027)
    Table 67. North America Freight Bicycle Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Table 68. North America Freight Bicycle Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
    Table 69. North America Freight Bicycle Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
    Table 70. North America Freight Bicycle Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
    Table 71. Asia Pacific Freight Bicycle Sales by Region (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Table 72. Asia Pacific Freight Bicycle Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
    Table 73. Asia Pacific Freight Bicycle Revenue by Region (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
    Table 74. Asia Pacific Freight Bicycle Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
    Table 75. Europe Freight Bicycle Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Table 76. Europe Freight Bicycle Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
    Table 77. Europe Freight Bicycle Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
    Table 78. Europe Freight Bicycle Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
    Table 79. Latin America Freight Bicycle Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Table 80. Latin America Freight Bicycle Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
    Table 81. Latin Americaa Freight Bicycle Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
    Table 82. Latin America Freight Bicycle Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
    Table 83. Middle East and Africa Freight Bicycle Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
    Table 84. Middle East and Africa Freight Bicycle Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
    Table 85. Middle East and Africa Freight Bicycle Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
    Table 86. Middle East and Africa Freight Bicycle Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
    Table 87. Velosophy Corporation Information
    Table 88. Velosophy Description and Business Overview
    Table 89. Velosophy Freight Bicycle Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 90. Velosophy Freight Bicycle Product
    Table 91. Velosophy Recent Development
    Table 92. Riese and Müller Corporation Information
    Table 93. Riese and Müller Description and Business Overview
    Table 94. Riese and Müller Freight Bicycle Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 95. Riese and Müller Product
    Table 96. Riese and Müller Recent Development
    Table 97. Urban Arrow Corporation Information
    Table 98. Urban Arrow Description and Business Overview
    Table 99. Urban Arrow Freight Bicycle Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 100. Urban Arrow Product
    Table 101. Urban Arrow Recent Development
    Table 102. Christiania Bikes Corporation Information
    Table 103. Christiania Bikes Description and Business Overview
    Table 104. Christiania Bikes Freight Bicycle Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 105. Christiania Bikes Product
    Table 106. Christiania Bikes Recent Development
    Table 107. Winther Bikes Corporation Information
    Table 108. Winther Bikes Description and Business Overview
    Table 109. Winther Bikes Freight Bicycle Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 110. Winther Bikes Product
    Table 111. Winther Bikes Recent Development
    Table 112. Rad Power Bikes Corporation Information
    Table 113. Rad Power Bikes Description and Business Overview
    Table 114. Rad Power Bikes Freight Bicycle Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 115. Rad Power Bikes Product
    Table 116. Rad Power Bikes Recent Development
    Table 117. Xtracycle Corporation Information
    Table 118. Xtracycle Description and Business Overview
    Table 119. Xtracycle Freight Bicycle Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 120. Xtracycle Product
    Table 121. Xtracycle Recent Development
    Table 122. Bakfiets.nl Corporation Information
    Table 123. Bakfiets.nl Description and Business Overview
    Table 124. Bakfiets.nl Freight Bicycle Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 125. Bakfiets.nl Product
    Table 126. Bakfiets.nl Recent Development
    Table 127. Larry vs Harry Corporation Information
    Table 128. Larry vs Harry Description and Business Overview
    Table 129. Larry vs Harry Freight Bicycle Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 130. Larry vs Harry Product
    Table 131. Larry vs Harry Recent Development
    Table 132. Tern Corporation Information
    Table 133. Tern Description and Business Overview
    Table 134. Tern Freight Bicycle Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 135. Tern Product
    Table 136. Tern Recent Development
    Table 137. Pedego Electric Bikes Corporation Information
    Table 138. Pedego Electric Bikes Description and Business Overview
    Table 139. Pedego Electric Bikes Freight Bicycle Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 140. Pedego Electric Bikes Product
    Table 141. Pedego Electric Bikes Recent Development
    Table 142. Yuba Corporation Information
    Table 143. Yuba Description and Business Overview
    Table 144. Yuba Freight Bicycle Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 145. Yuba Product
    Table 146. Yuba Recent Development
    Table 147. Butchers & Bicycles Corporation Information
    Table 148. Butchers & Bicycles Description and Business Overview
    Table 149. Butchers & Bicycles Freight Bicycle Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 150. Butchers & Bicycles Product
    Table 151. Butchers & Bicycles Recent Development
    Table 152. Gomier Corporation Information
    Table 153. Gomier Description and Business Overview
    Table 154. Gomier Freight Bicycle Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 155. Gomier Product
    Table 156. Gomier Recent Development
    Table 157. DOUZE Cycles Corporation Information
    Table 158. DOUZE Cycles Description and Business Overview
    Table 159. DOUZE Cycles Freight Bicycle Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 160. DOUZE Cycles Product
    Table 161. DOUZE Cycles Recent Development
    Table 162. Kocass Ebikes Corporation Information
    Table 163. Kocass Ebikes Description and Business Overview
    Table 164. Kocass Ebikes Freight Bicycle Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 165. Kocass Ebikes Product
    Table 166. Kocass Ebikes Recent Development
    Table 167. Madsen Cycles Corporation Information
    Table 168. Madsen Cycles Description and Business Overview
    Table 169. Madsen Cycles Freight Bicycle Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 170. Madsen Cycles Product
    Table 171. Madsen Cycles Recent Development
    Table 172. Jxcycle Corporation Information
    Table 173. Jxcycle Description and Business Overview
    Table 174. Jxcycle Freight Bicycle Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
    Table 175. Jxcycle Product
    Table 176. Jxcycle Recent Development
    Table 177. Freight Bicycle Market Trends
    Table 178. Freight Bicycle Market Drivers
    Table 179. Freight Bicycle Market Challenges
    Table 180. Freight Bicycle Market Restraints
    Table 181. Freight Bicycle Customers List
    Table 182. Freight Bicycle Distributors List
    Table 183. Research Programs/Design for This Report
    Table 184. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
    Table 185. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
    Figure 1. Freight Bicycle Product Picture
    Figure 2. Global Freight Bicycle Sales Market Share by Type in 2020 & 2027
    Figure 3. Electric Freight Bicycle Product Picture
    Figure 4. Regular Freight Bicycle Product Picture
    Figure 5. Global Freight Bicycle Sales Market Share by Application in 2020 & 2027
    Figure 6. Family
    Figure 7. Commercial
    Figure 8. Freight Bicycle Report Years Considered
    Figure 9. Global Freight Bicycle Market Size, (US$ Million), 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
    Figure 10. Global Freight Bicycle Market Size 2016-2027 (US$ Million)
    Figure 11. Global Freight Bicycle Sales 2016-2027 (K Units)
    Figure 12. Global Freight Bicycle Market Size Market Share by Region: 2021 Versus 2027
    Figure 13. Global Freight Bicycle Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
    Figure 14. Global Freight Bicycle Sales Market Share by Region in 2020
    Figure 15. Global Freight Bicycle Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
    Figure 16. Global Freight Bicycle Revenue Market Share by Region in 2020
    Figure 17. Global Freight Bicycle Sales Share by Manufacturer in 2020
    Figure 18. The Top 10 and 5 Players Market Share by Freight Bicycle Revenue in 2020
    Figure 19. Freight Bicycle Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2016 VS 2020
    Figure 20. Global Freight Bicycle Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
    Figure 21. Global Freight Bicycle Sales Market Share by Type in 2020
    Figure 22. Global Freight Bicycle Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
    Figure 23. Global Freight Bicycle Revenue Market Share by Type in 2020
    Figure 24. Global Freight Bicycle Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
    Figure 25. Global Freight Bicycle Sales Market Share by Application in 2020
    Figure 26. Global Freight Bicycle Revenue Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
    Figure 27. Global Freight Bicycle Revenue Market Share by Application in 2020
    Figure 28. Japan Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate 2016-2027 (K Units)
    Figure 29. Japan Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2027 (US$ Million)
    Figure 30. Japan Freight Bicycle Market Share in Global Market 2016-2027
    Figure 31. Japan 5 and 10 Largest Freight Bicycle Players Market Share by Revenue in Freight Bicycle in 2020
    Figure 32. Japan Freight Bicycle Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021)
    Figure 33. Japan Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate by Type in 2016 & 2020
    Figure 34. Japan Freight Bicycle Revenue Share by Application (2016-2021)
    Figure 35. Japan Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate by Application in 2016 & 2020
    Figure 36. North America Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate 2016-2021 (K Units)
    Figure 37. North America Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2021 (US$ Million)
    Figure 38. North America Freight Bicycle Sales Market Share by Country in 2020
    Figure 39. North America Freight Bicycle Revenue Market Share by Country in 2020
    Figure 40. U.S. Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Figure 41. U.S. Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Figure 42. Canada Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Figure 43. Canada Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Figure 44. Europe Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate 2016-2021 (K Units)
    Figure 45. Europe Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2021 (US$ Million)
    Figure 46. Europe Freight Bicycle Sales Market Share by Country in 2020
    Figure 47. Europe Freight Bicycle Revenue Market Share by Country in 2020
    Figure 48. Germany Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Figure 49. Germany Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Figure 50. France Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Figure 51. France Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Figure 52. U.K. Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Figure 53. U.K. Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Figure 54. Italy Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Figure 55. Italy Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Figure 56. Russia Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Figure 57. Russia Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Figure 58. Asia Pacific Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate 2016-2021 (K Units)
    Figure 59. Asia Pacific Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2021 (US$ Million)
    Figure 60. Asia Pacific Freight Bicycle Sales Market Share by Region in 2020
    Figure 61. Asia Pacific Freight Bicycle Revenue Market Share by Region in 2020
    Figure 62. China Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Figure 63. China Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Figure 64. Japan Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Figure 65. Japan Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Figure 66. South Korea Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Figure 67. South Korea Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Figure 68. India Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Figure 69. India Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Figure 70. Australia Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Figure 71. Australia Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Figure 72. Taiwan Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Figure 73. Taiwan Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Figure 74. Indonesia Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Figure 75. Indonesia Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Figure 76. Thailand Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Figure 77. Thailand Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Figure 78. Malaysia Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Figure 79. Malaysia Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Figure 80. Philippines Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Figure 81. Philippines Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Figure 82. Vietnam Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Figure 83. Vietnam Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Figure 84. Latin America Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate 2016-2021 (K Units)
    Figure 85. Latin America Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2021 (US$ Million)
    Figure 86. Latin America Freight Bicycle Sales Market Share by Country in 2020
    Figure 87. Latin America Freight Bicycle Revenue Market Share by Country in 2020
    Figure 88. Mexico Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Figure 89. Mexico Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Figure 90. Brazil Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Figure 91. Brazil Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Figure 92. Argentina Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Figure 93. Argentina Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Figure 94. Middle East and Africa Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate 2016-2021 (K Units)
    Figure 95. Middle East and Africa Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2021 (US$ Million)
    Figure 96. Middle East and Africa Freight Bicycle Sales Market Share by Country in 2020
    Figure 97. Middle East and Africa Freight Bicycle Revenue Market Share by Country in 2020
    Figure 98. Turkey Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Figure 99. Turkey Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Figure 100. Saudi Arabia Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Figure 101. Saudi Arabia Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Figure 102. U.A.E Freight Bicycle Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units)
    Figure 103. U.A.E Freight Bicycle Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
    Figure 104. Freight Bicycle Value Chain
    Figure 105. Channels of Distribution
    Figure 106. Distributors Profiles
    Figure 107. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
    Figure 108. Data Triangulation
    Figure 109. Key Executives Interviewed